Pathways Knowlegdes
Biological pathway database
| Pathway | DOIs | Note |
|---|---|---|
| choline degradation I Accession ID: BioCyc:AGRO_CHOLINE-BETAINE-ANA-PWY |
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| L-carnitine degradation II Accession ID: BioCyc:FLY_PWY-3602 |
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| glycine betaine biosynthesis II (Gram-positive bacteria) Accession ID: BioCyc:10403S_RAST_PWY-3722 |
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| methionine salvage Accession ID: BioCyc:HUMAN_ADENOSYLHOMOCYSCAT-PWY |
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| choline degradation Accession ID: BioCyc:HUMAN_CHOLINE-BETAINE-ANA-PWY |
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Binzak BA, Wevers RA, Moolenaar SH, Lee Y, Hwu W, Poggi-Bach J, Engelke UFH, Hoard HM, Vockley JG, Vockley J. Cloning of Dimethylglycine Dehydrogenase and a New Human Inborn Error of Metabolism, Dimethylglycine Dehydrogenase Deficiency. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 2001 Apr;68(4):839–47. doi: 10.1086/319520. |
| choline-O-sulfate degradation Accession ID: BioCyc:META_P542-PWY |
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| L-carnitine degradation II Accession ID: BioCyc:META_PWY-3602 |
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Kleber HP. Bacterial carnitine metabolism. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1997 Feb 01;147(1):1–9. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1997.tb10212.x. PMID: 9037756.; Lindstedt G, Lindstedt S, Midtvedt T, Tofft M. Inducible ?-Butyrobetaine-Degrading Enzymes in Pseudomonas Species AK 1. J Bacteriol. 1970 Mar;101(3):1094–5. doi: 10.1128/jb.101.3.1094-1095.1970. |
| glycine betaine degradation II (mammalian) Accession ID: BioCyc:META_PWY-3661-1 |
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Binzak BA, Wevers RA, Moolenaar SH, Lee Y, Hwu W, Poggi-Bach J, Engelke UFH, Hoard HM, Vockley JG, Vockley J. Cloning of Dimethylglycine Dehydrogenase and a New Human Inborn Error of Metabolism, Dimethylglycine Dehydrogenase Deficiency. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 2001 Apr;68(4):839–47. doi: 10.1086/319520. |
| glycine betaine degradation I Accession ID: BioCyc:META_PWY-3661 |
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Meskys R, Harris RJ, Casaite V, Basran J, Scrutton NS. Organization of the genes involved in dimethylglycine and sarcosine degradation in Arthrobacter spp.: implications for glycine betaine catabolism. Eur J Biochem. 2001 Jun;268(12):3390–8. doi: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2001.02239.x. PMID: 11422368.; Smith LT, Pocard JA, Bernard T, Le Rudulier D. Osmotic control of glycine betaine biosynthesis and degradation in Rhizobium meliloti. J Bacteriol. 1988 Jul;170(7):3142–9. doi: 10.1128/jb.170.7.3142-3149.1988. |
| glycine betaine biosynthesis III (plants) Accession ID: BioCyc:META_PWY1F-353 |
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Lerma C, Hanson AD, Rhodes D. Oxygen-18 and deuterium labeling studies of choline oxidation by spinach and sugar beet. Plant Physiol. 1988 Nov;88(3):695–702. PMID: 16666370; PMCID: PMC1055647. |
| glycine betaine biosynthesis I (Gram-negative bacteria) Accession ID: BioCyc:META_BETSYN-PWY |
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| glycine betaine biosynthesis V (from glycine) Accession ID: BioCyc:META_PWY-6004 |
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Lai MC, Wang CC, Chuang MJ, Wu YC, Lee YC. Effects of substrate and potassium on the betaine-synthesizing enzyme glycine sarcosine dimethylglycine N-methyltransferase from a halophilic methanoarchaeon Methanohalophilus portucalensis. Res Microbiol. 2006 Dec;157(10):948–55. doi: 10.1016/j.resmic.2006.08.007. PMID: 17098399.; Waditee R, Tanaka Y, Aoki K, Hibino T, Jikuya H, Takano J, Takabe T, Takabe T. Isolation and Functional Characterization ofN-Methyltransferases That Catalyze Betaine Synthesis from Glycine in a Halotolerant Photosynthetic Organism Aphanothece halophytica. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003 Feb;278(7):4932–42. doi: 10.1074/jbc.m210970200.; Nyysso¨la¨ A, Reinikainen T, Leisola M. Characterization of Glycine Sarcosine N -Methyltransferase and Sarcosine Dimethylglycine N -Methyltransferase. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2001 May;67(5):2044–50. doi: 10.1128/aem.67.5.2044-2050.2001.; Nyyssölä A, Kerovuo J, Kaukinen P, von Weymarn N, Reinikainen T. Extreme Halophiles Synthesize Betaine from Glycine by Methylation. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2000 Jul;275(29):22196–201. doi: 10.1074/jbc.m910111199. |
| glycine betaine biosynthesis III (plants) Accession ID: BioCyc:ARA_PWY1F-353 |
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Hibino T, Waditee R, Araki E, Ishikawa H, Aoki K, Tanaka Y, Takabe T. Functional Characterization of Choline Monooxygenase, an Enzyme for Betaine Synthesis in Plants. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2002 Nov;277(44):41352–60. doi: 10.1074/jbc.m205965200.; Xing W, Rajashekar CB. Glycine betaine involvement in freezing tolerance and water stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 2001 Aug;46(1):21–8. doi: 10.1016/s0098-8472(01)00078-8.; Burnet M, Lafontaine PJ, Hanson AD. Assay, Purification, and Partial Characterization of Choline Monooxygenase from Spinach. Plant Physiol. 1995 Jun;108(2):581–8. PMID: 12228495; PMCID: PMC157377.; Lerma C, Hanson AD, Rhodes D. Oxygen-18 and deuterium labeling studies of choline oxidation by spinach and sugar beet. Plant Physiol. 1988 Nov;88(3):695–702. PMID: 16666370; PMCID: PMC1055647. |
| glycine betaine degradation Accession ID: BioCyc:PLASMO_PWY-3661 |
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| glycine betaine biosynthesis II (Gram-positive bacteria) Accession ID: BioCyc:CAULO_PWY-3722 |
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| choline degradation I Accession ID: BioCyc:AURANTIMONAS_CHOLINE-BETAINE-ANA-PWY |
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| glycine betaine degradation Accession ID: BioCyc:MOUSE_PWY-3661 |
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| glycine betaine biosynthesis I (Gram-negative bacteria) Accession ID: BioCyc:SCO_BETSYN-PWY |
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Gattiker A, Michoud K, Rivoire C, Auchincloss AH, Coudert E, Lima T, Kersey P, Pagni M, Sigrist CJA, Lachaize C, Veuthey A, Gasteiger E, Bairoch A. Automated annotation of microbial proteomes in SWISS-PROT. Computational Biology and Chemistry. 2003 Feb;27(1):49–58. doi: 10.1016/s1476-9271(02)00094-4.; Kanehisa M, Goto S. KEGG: kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 01;28(1):27–30. PMID: 10592173; PMCID: PMC102409. |
| glycine betaine biosynthesis II (Gram-positive bacteria) Accession ID: BioCyc:PCHR_PWY-3722 |
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| choline-O-sulfate degradation Accession ID: BioCyc:PCHR_P542-PWY |
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