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This compound belongs to the family of O-Glucuronides. These are O-Glucuronides. Glucuronides in which the aglycone is linked to the carbohydrate unit through a o-glycosidic bond.

Kojibiose is a disaccharide. It can be found in honey, koji extract, sweet potato starch, sake and beer, and also in polysaccharides and sugar chains of glycoproteins. There are many methods of preparation including the isolation of a partial acetolyzate of dextran from Leuconostoc mecenteroides. However a more effective method with high efficiency was achieved using kojibiose phosphorylase with D-glucose and beta-D-glucose-1-phosphate as substrates. Kojibiose was also found as one of the components of glucose caramel, following thermal degradation.

Melibitol is involved in galactose metabolism. D-galactose and D-sorbitol are combined to form melibitol through the action of alpha-galactosidase [EC:3.2.1.22]. It is a reversible reaction.

cis-Zeatin O-glucoside, also known as O-beta-D-glucosylzeatin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as fatty acyl glycosides of mono- and disaccharides. Fatty acyl glycosides of mono- and disaccharides are compounds composed of a mono- or disaccharide moiety linked to one hydroxyl group of a fatty alcohol, a phosphorylated alcohol (phosphoprenol), or a hydroxy fatty acid, or to one carboxyl group of a fatty acid (ester linkage) or an amino alcohol. cis-Zeatin O-glucoside is a very strong basic compound (based on its pKa). cis-Zeatin O-glucoside is an intermediate in zeatin biosynthesis. It is generated from cis-zeatin via the enzyme cis-zeatin O-beta-D-glucosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.215).

6-(4-o-beta-d-glucosyl-3-methyl-trans-but-2-enyl-amino)-purine, also known as trans-zeatin-O-glucoside or O-beta-D-glucosylzeatin, is a member of the class of compounds known as fatty acyl glycosides of mono- and disaccharides. Fatty acyl glycosides of mono- and disaccharides are compounds composed of a mono- or disaccharide moiety linked to one hydroxyl group of a fatty alcohol or of a phosphorylated alcohol (phosphoprenols), a hydroxy fatty acid or to one carboxyl group of a fatty acid (ester linkage) or to an amino alcohol. 6-(4-o-beta-d-glucosyl-3-methyl-trans-but-2-enyl-amino)-purine is slightly soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 6-(4-o-beta-d-glucosyl-3-methyl-trans-but-2-enyl-amino)-purine can be found in a number of food items such as yellow wax bean, common verbena, black elderberry, and sacred lotus, which makes 6-(4-o-beta-d-glucosyl-3-methyl-trans-but-2-enyl-amino)-purine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.

Sarmentosin is found in fruits. Sarmentosin is isolated from Ribes nigrum (blackcurrant

12-hydroxyjasmonic acid glucoside, also known as tuberonic acid beta-D-glucoside, is a member of the class of compounds known as fatty acyl glycosides of mono- and disaccharides. Fatty acyl glycosides of mono- and disaccharides are compounds composed of a mono- or disaccharide moiety linked to one hydroxyl group of a fatty alcohol or of a phosphorylated alcohol (phosphoprenols), a hydroxy fatty acid or to one carboxyl group of a fatty acid (ester linkage) or to an amino alcohol. 12-hydroxyjasmonic acid glucoside is slightly soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 12-hydroxyjasmonic acid glucoside can be found in potato, which makes 12-hydroxyjasmonic acid glucoside a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.

D-(+)-Turanose is a reducing disaccharide. Its systematic name is a-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->3)-a-D-fructofuranose. It is an analog of sucrose not metabolized by higher plants, but rather acquired through the action of sucrose transporters for intracellular carbohydrate signaling. In addition to its involvement in signal transduction, D-(+)-Turanose can also be used as a carbon source by many organisms including numerous species of bacteria and fungi (Wikipedia).

Glucosylgalactosyl hydroxylysine is a Glycoside of hydroxylysine. Hydroxylation of lysine is an important post-translational modification of collagen, (PMID 10928217) a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme Lysyl hydroxylase (EC 1.14.11.4) forming hydroxylysine in collagens and other proteins with collagen-like amino acid sequences, by the hydroxylation of lysine residues in X-lys-gly sequences. The hydroxylysine residues formed in the lysyl hydroxylase reaction have 2 important functions: first, their hydroxy groups serve as sites of attachment for carbohydrate units, either the monosaccharide galactose or the disaccharide glucosylgalactose; and second, they are essential for the stability of the intermolecular collagen crosslinks. (OMIM 153454). Hydroxylysine-deficient skin collagen is manifested in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, type VIA, A heritable disorder of connective tissue (PMID 5016372).

O-6-deoxy-a-L-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-O-b-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->3)-2-(acetylamino)-2-deoxy-D-Galactose is a milk oligosaccharide alditol derived from mucin glycoprotein detected with High-performance anion exchange-chromatography. (PMID: 1799211). This oligosaccharide alditol is also found in purified human bronchial mucins. (PMID: 1337867) This O-glycan is present in normal human mucins along the intestinal tract. (PMID: 15361072).

N-Acetyl-6-O-L-fucosyl-D-glucosamine is an oligosaccharin obtained from human milk (Fiziologiya i Biokhimiya Kul'turnykh Rastenii (2002), 34(1), 52-57).

Capsianosides are acyclic diterpene glycosides, water-soluble constituents present in the fruits of Paprika (Paprika Capsicum annuum L. var. grossum Bailey) and Jalapeno (Jalapeno Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum), that are used as vegetables and spices. Paprika is known for its high vitamin C content and has been isolated from Hungarian paprika in large amounts. Jalapeno is a stimulating spice which contains capsaicin and related compounds in its fruits and veins. (PMID: 17015971). The genus Capsicum (Solanaceae) includes many species widely cultivated in Asia, Africa, and Mediterranean countries. Peppers are native plants of America, and the fruits (pericarps) are consumed as vegetable foods, spices, and external medicines and are also a source of vitamins A, C, and E. Hot chili pepper has been used for centuries as a condiment to aid digestion. Traditionally, medical doctors advise ulcer patients not to consume spicy foods like pungent capsicum products, while naturopaths and herbalists have tended to use hot seasonings to relieve ulcers. Phytochemical investigations have been mainly focused on hot components of pepper species and qualitative and quantitative determinations of phenolic metabolites with antioxidant activities. (PMID: 17002415).

Maltitol is a sugar alcohol (polyol) used as a sugar substitute. It has 90% the sweetness of sugar and nearly identical properties, except for browning. It is used to very easily replace sugar and has less food energy, does not promote tooth decay and has a somewhat lower blood sugar response. Unfortunately, maltitol is well known to cause gastric distress, particularly if consumed in great quantities. Chemically, maltitol is also known as 4-O-alpha-Glucopyranosyl-D-sorbitol. Commercially, it is known under trade names such as Maltisorb and Maltisweet. Due to its slow absorption, excessive consumption of Maltitol can have laxative effect and often can cause gas and/or bloating. Maltitol is particularly demonized regarding gastric side effects because it is so easy for food producers to use it in vast quantities (due to its amazingly sugar-like properties) so consumers often end up consuming far more than they could most other sugar alcohols. While this is a major problem with maltitol, many sugar alcohols are far more likely to cause gastric distress than maltitol when compared gram-for-gram.

2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-6-O-a-L-fucopyranosyl-D-glucose is an oligosaccharide isolated from the urine of patients with fucosidosis (Fucosidosis is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease caused by defective alpha-L-fucosidase with accumulation of fucose in the tissues. Different phenotypes include clinical features such as neurologic deterioration, growth retardation, visceromegaly, and seizures in a severe early form; coarse facial features, angiokeratoma corporis diffusum, spasticity and delayed psychomotor development in a longer surviving form; and an unusual spondylometaphyseoepiphyseal dysplasia in yet another form. OMIM 230000). (PMID 728478).

Lewis X trisaccharide is a common oligosaccharide involved in the terminal glycosylation of oligosaccharide chains of glycoconjugates and as such play a major role in the antigenic properties of cell surfaces and in the changing carbohydrates profiles that occur on cell maturation and in malignancy. Lewis X present in human milk can bind to DC-specific ICAM3-grabbing non-integrin and thereby prevent the capture and subsequent transfer of HIV-1 to CD4+ T lymphocytes. The presence of such a DC-specific ICAM3-grabbing non-integrin-binding molecule in human milk may both influence antigenic presentation and interfere with pathogen transfer in breastfed infants. Lewis X is a promising urine marker for bladder cancer surveillance in urothelial cell carcinoma patients. (PMID: 11278542; 11300757; 15184372; 15242599; 15845541; 16239964; 16773661; 9490204, 16217395).

Lewis a trisaccharide is a fucosyloligosaccharide present in human milk and colostrum. Human colostrum is known to be important for the protection of infants against infection by pathogenic microorganisms. This protection is thought to be due, partially, to various neutral and acidic oligosaccharides that are present in colostrum and milk. Moderate-to-severe diarrhea of all causes occurs less often in infants whose milk contains high levels of total 2-linked fucosyloligosaccharides as a percent of milk oligosaccharide. The trisaccharide Lewis a trisaccharide is identical with the structure for the specific determinant in Lea substance, and strongly inhibits the agglutination of Lea erythrocytes by a human anti-Lea serum. (PMID: 15343178, 17375110, 12568665, 2503806; 3809884; 6809837; 6880139; 7701811; 8662894; 8914840; 8943285).

Poly-N-acetyllactosamine is a unique carbohydrate composed of N-acetyllactosamine repeats. In particular, poly-N-acetyllactosamine chains are synthesized by repeated alternating additions of N-acetylglucosamine and galactose, catalyzed by -1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferases (poly-N-acetyllactosamine synthase) and -1,4-galactosyltransferases. What is depicted and described in this MetaboCard is a single subunit structure. Poly-N-acetyllactosamine structures occur in mammalian glycoproteins in both N- and O-linked glycans. They represent a backbone for additional modifications by fucosyltransferases, sialyltransferases and sulfotransferases. These glycans have been suggested to be involved in biospecific interactions with selectins and other glycan-binding proteins. Moreover, the poly-Nacetyllactosamine chains in N-glycans have been found to promote tumor progression and metastasis (PMID: 12570780).

Lactodifucotetraose (LDFT) is a fucosyloligosaccharide present in human milk and colostrum. Human colostrum is known to be important for the protection of infants against infection by pathogenic microorganisms. This protection is thought to be due, partially, to various neutral and acidic oligosaccharides that are present in colostrum and milk. Lactodifucotetraose decreased substantially until day 5 in human milk and appeared to stabilize in the following days. (PMID: 15343178, 17375110, 2246719). Lactodifucotetraose is a normal blood-group-active oligosaccharide excreted as a component of the urine in type O (H) secretors. (PMID 510288).

2-O-a-L-Fucopyranosyl-galactose is a disaccharide found in human breast milk that acts as an acceptor for N-acetylgalactosamine via alpha-galactosyltransferase activity (PMID:15158661).

Lactosamine is a disaccharide composed of galactose b1,4-linked to N-acetylglucosamine, and is a common constituent of complex N-linked glycans in metazoans. Unmodified terminal lactosamine, however, is less typical in tissues, since it is often further modified by additional substitutions, such as fucose, sialic acid, or sulfate to form a number of significant receptor and signaling molecules. Lactosamine-containing glycans are also required for proper targeting and maintenance of olfactory axons, and may also function in other sensory regions.(PMID: 17111357).