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all-trans-Retinoic acid is an isomer of retinoic acid, the oxidized form of vitamin A. Retinoic acid functions in determining position along embryonic anterior/posterior axis in chordates. It acts through Hox genes, which ultimately controls anterior/posterior patterning in early developmental stages (PMID:17495912). It is an important regulator of gene expression during growth and development, and in neoplasms. As a drug, all-trans-retinoic acid is known as tretinoin. Tretinoin is derived from maternal vitamin A and is essential for normal growth and embryonic development. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. Tretinoin is used in the treatment of psoriasis, acne vulgaris, and several other skin diseases. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (leukemia, promyelocytic, acute).

12R-HEPE

12-HEPE is hydroxy derivative of 12-lipoxygenase metabolites of Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). 12S-HEPE participates in platelet-neutrophil interactions in a manner similar to 12S-HETE. It can also compete with endogenous arachidonic acid for 5-lipoxygenation in stimulated human neutrophils. By providing competing substrates for neutrophil 5-lipoxygenase, platelets might contribute to the antiinflammatory potential of dietary n-3 fatty acids through platelet-neutrophil interaction. ( PMID: 2116491).

(+/-)-8-HEPE

1,9-dideoxyforskolin

Cornudentanone

5-methoxy-3-(2R-acetoxy-tridecyl)-1,4-benzoquinone

9-cis-Retinoic acid is an active retinoid that regulates expression of retinoid responsive genes, serving as a ligand for two classes of ligand-dependent transcription factors: the retinoic acid receptors and retinoid X receptors. Retinoids (vitamin A and its analogs) are essential dietary substances that are needed by mammals for reproduction, normal embryogenesis, growth, vision, and maintaining normal cellular differentiation and the integrity of the immune system. Within cells, retinoids regulate gene transcription acting through ligand-dependent transcription factors, the retinoic acid receptors (RARs), and the retinoid X receptors (RXRs). all-trans-Retinoic acid binds only to RARs with high affinity, whereas its 9-cis isomer binds with high affinity to both RARs and RXRs. The actions of all-trans- and 9-cis-retinoic acid in regulating cellular responses are distinct and not interchangeable (PMID: 9115228).

8S-HEPE

5-oxo-6E,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-oxo-ETE), 5-lipoxygenase product is a potent chemoattractant for neutrophils and eosinophils. Its actions are mediated by the oxoeicosanoid (OXE) receptor, a member of the G protein-coupled receptor family.(PMID:18292294).

9-HEPE is produced by non-enzymatic oxidation of EPA. It contains equal amounts of 9(S)-HEPE and 9(R)-HEPE. The biological activity of (±)9-HEPE has not been clearly documented. (http://www.caymanchem.com)

5S-hydroxy-6E,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z-eicosapentaenoic acid is classified as a member of the Hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acids. Hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acids are eicosanoic acids with an attached hydroxyl group and five CC double bonds. 5S-hydroxy-6E,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z-eicosapentaenoic acid is considered to be practically insoluble (in water) and acidic. 5S-hydroxy-6E,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z-eicosapentaenoic acid is an eicosanoid lipid molecule

13-cis-Retinoic acid is a topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of acne vulgaris and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects (PubChem). 13-cis-Retinoic acid is also a naturally occurring retinoid that is present in the circulation. Although 13-cis-retinoic acid (isotretinoin) does not have the potent gene regulatory activity of other isomers, it is an effective pharmacologic agent for treating a variety of dermatologic conditions (PMID:11606944). The steric conversion of 13-cis-retinoic acid (13-cRA) to all-trans-retinoic acid (t-RA) has been proposed as an activation mechanism for the observed therapeutic and teratogenic activities of 13-cRA (PMID:9806904). 13-cis Retinoic acid exerts its specific activity on human sebocytes through selective intracellular isomerization to all-trans retinoic acid and binding to retinoid acid receptors (PMID:10951254).

Epiandrosterone is a naturally occurring steroid synthesized in the adrenal cortex, gonads, brain, and gastrointestinal tract. It is less active than androsterone and excreted in small amounts in normal human urine. Epiandrosterone is a metabolite of the most abundant adrenal androgenic steroid dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) in young adult humans, but is not completely inactive and is considered an effector as well. Epiandrosterone is a precursor or substrate for cytochrome P450 species and enzymes (EC 1.14.13.100, 25-hydroxycholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase) that produce 7alpha- and 7beta-hydroxylated metabolites in the human brain and other organs. These 7-hydroxylated derivatives exert anti-glucocorticoid and neuroprotective effects (PMID: 17017935, 12475725, 15650074, 15784286).

15-HEPE has been identified as a possible anti-inflammatory metabolite, and its elevated presence in the epidermis of animals fed oils rich in 20:5(n-3) or 18:3(n-6) may provide a mechanism for the beneficial effects of these oils on inflammatory conditions. 15-HEPE is a metabolite of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) which has anti-inflammatory properties and plays an important role in the resolution phase of inflammation. 15-HEPE is deposited in the epidermis, particularly in the metabolically active basal layer. This is considered advantageous in psoriasis therapy. (PMID: 17540633, 2106017).

5alpha-Androst-16-en-3-one, also known as androstenone, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as androgens and derivatives. These are 3-hydroxylated C19 steroid hormones. They are known to favour the development of masculine characteristics. They also show profound effects on scalp and body hair in humans. Thus, 5alpha-androst-16-en-3-one is considered to be a steroid lipid molecule. 5alpha-androst-16-en-3-one is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. 5alpha-Androst-16-en-3-one is found in animal foods and causes boar taint in pigmeat product.

18-Nor-4(19),8,11,13-abietatetraene is isolated from oleoresin of Pinus koraiensis (Korean pine).

|FRAME: CPD-14330| is the chromophore of porphyropsin, the rod visual pigment found in the retina of most freshwater fishes |CITS:[19873132][18422881]|.Porphyropsin was also described in cone photoreceptors of chameleons |CITS: [16025336]|.

5a-Androst-3-en-17-one is a urinary metabolite of 4-hydroxyandrostenedione. 4-hydroxyandrostenedione (Formestane) is a second generation, irreversible aromatase inhibitor and commonly used as anti breast cancer medication for postmenopausal women. 4-hydroxyandrostenedione is a prohibited substance in sports by the World Anti-Doping Agency, and there is a considerable increase of structurally related steroids with anabolic effects offered via the internet. (PMID: 17207827, 17260133, 17616252).

Marinobufagenin is a cardiotonic steroid secreted by the toad Bufo rubescens and other related species such as Bufo marinus. An endogenous Na/K-ATPase inhibitor, it is a vasoconstrictor with effects similar to digitalis. It has a role as an EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor and an epitope. It is a steroid hormone and an epoxy steroid. It is functionally related to a (5beta)-bufadienolide. Marinobufagenin is a natural product found in Phrynoidis asper, Bufo bufo, and other organisms with data available. Marinobufagin is a cardiotoxic bufanolide steroid secreted by certain toads (Bufo rubescens, Bufo marinus). It is a vasoconstrictor. (L1085)

6E,8E,12E,14E-Hexadecatetraen-10-ynoic acid

Vitamin A2 aldehyde is found in fishes. Vitamin A2 aldehyde is a constituent fish of liver oils

Marinobufagin

Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) widely marketed under various trademarks including Act-3, Advil, Brufen, Motrin, Nuprin, and Nurofen. It is used for relief of symptoms of arthritis, primary dysmenorrhoea, and fever; Ibuprofen is an NSAID which is believed to work through inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX), thus inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis. There are at least 2 variations of cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2), ibuprofen inhibits both COX-1 and COX-2. It appears that its analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activity are achieved principally through COX-2 inhibition; whereas COX-1 inhibition is responsible for its unwanted effects on platelet aggregation and the GI mucosa. As with other NSAIDs, ibuprofen inhibits platelet aggregation, but is not used therapeutically for this action since it is a minor and reversible effect. -- Wikipedia.